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n}lu+s ;dfgtfsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnL ;~rf/dfWod
d~h' yfkf
dlxnfsf] ;fdflhs :t/ / cfly{s :t/ sd x'gfn] ;~rf/n] klg dlxnfnfO{
lg0ff{os zlQm, ljz]if1 / s'zn k|of]ustf{sf ?kdf x]/]sf] b]lvb}g . ;~rf/df
dlxnfx?sf] sd ;xeflutf ePsf] sf/0fn] / ;~rf/df cem} k'?if k|wfgtf xfjL
ePsf]n] n}lu+s c;dfgtf sfod} 5 . ;~rf/df dlxnf 5lj laufg{ gx'g] eGg] cfrf/
;+lxtf nfu" eP tfklg jf:tljstfdf To;sf] ljkl/t ePsf] 5 .
;g\ @))), h'g %–( ;Dd cd]l/sfsf] Go'of]s{df ;DkGg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo
dxf;efsf] t]O;f}+ ljz]if clwj]zgdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 k|:t't /fli6«o
k|lta]bgdf g]kfndf dlxnf / ;~rf/sf] If]qdf ljBdfg afwfx?sf] rrf{ ub}{ ;f/fz+df
log} s'/fx? cl3 ;fl/Psf lyP . pQm clwj]zgdf a]Olhªdf ePsf] rf}yf] ljZj
dlxnf ;Dd]ngn] kfl/t u/]sf sfo{of]hgfx? To;sf kIf b]zx?n] s] slt sfof{Gjog
ug{ ;s] eg]/ kf“rjif{kl5 k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ sfd ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm
k|ltj]bg ;/sf/L :t/af6 k|:t't ul/Psf] eP klg o;df u}/;/sf/L If]qsf] cfjfh
klg e/k'/ k/]sf] lyof] . h] xf];\, ;DalGwt JolQm / ;+:yfx?sflardf ;~rf/dfWod
;DaGwL of] ljZn]if0f ;Dejt\ clxn] klg sfod} 5 lsgsL s'g} klg If]qdf Ps}
jif{df cfwf/e"t kl/jt{g u/fpg ;Sg] sd{zLnx?sf] d'n's g]kfn xf]Og .
dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f / n}lu+s ;dfgtfsf ;Gbe{df g]kfnL ;~rf/dfWodn] v]ln/x]sf]
e"ldsfsf] rrf{ ubf{ cGt/f{li6«o d~rdf k|:t't pk/f]Qm ljZn]if0fnfO{
klg la;{g ldNb}g . s]xL ;To tYo / s]xL dglrGt] a'“bfx? ld;df; kf/]/ tof/
ul/Psf] pQm k|ltj]bgn] ;~rf/dfWoddf /x]sf ;a} oyfy{ ;d:ofx?nfO{ phfu/ ug{
;s]sf] 5}g / tL ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg x'g g;Sg'df Pp6f d"Vo h/f] dlxnf
clwsf/sf nflu sfo{/t ;+3;+:yfx?sf] ultljlw;+u uP/ uf“l;Psf] 5 .
g]kfnL ;~rf/dfWodn] dlxnf / n}lu+stf;DaGwL ljifox?nfO{ cfjZos :yfg
lbg tyf /fd|f] lrq0f ug{ ;s]]g / o;f] x'g'sf] k|d'v sf/0f k'?if k|wfgtf xf]
eg]/ Pstlkm{?kdf cf/f]k nufpg yfn]sf] nfdf] ;do eO;s]sf] 5 . t/ o; kl°Qmsf/;+usf]
5nkmnsf] qmddf s]xL k|d'v ;~rf/dfWodsf gLlt lg0ff{os txdf /x]sf JolQmx?n]
o:tf] ;d:of /lx/xg'sf] kl5 s]xL?kdf dlxnf clwsf/sf nflu sfd ug]{ elgPsf
;+:yf / sfo{stf{x? g} bf]]lif /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;DalGwt
;+3 ;+:yfx?n] ;~rf/dfWodn] ug{ g;s]sf s'/fx?sf] u'gf;f] dfq} ug'{eGbf
Toxf“sf lg0ff{os txdf /x]sf JolQmx?n] cf}+NofPsf a'“bfx?nfO{ klg ulDe/tfk'j{s
dgg ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .
klxnf] s'/f t ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ b]zsf] rf}yf] cu+ elgP klg dlxnf
ljsf;sf nflu sfd ug]{ elgPsf ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf u}/ ;/sf/L / bft[ ;+:yfx? ;a}n]
dlxnf / ;~rf/larsf] ;DaGwnfO{ c? ljifoeGbf ;w} sd dxTj lbb}+ cfPsf 5g\ .
To;}n] ;~rf/dfWoddf dlxnf / n}lu+stf ;DaGwL ;jfnx?nfO{ s;/L k|:t't ul/Psf]
5 / s;/L ul/g'kYof]{ eGg] ljifodf oL ;d'x / lgsfox?sf] s'g} :ki6 ;f]+rfO
5}g / cfjZos gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] th'{df x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . To;}u/L dlxnf
ljsf; / ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu ;3fp“5f}+ eg]/ g]kfndf 8]/f hdfPsf w]/} bft[
;+:yfx?n] klg ;~rf/df o; ljifosf] k|:t'ltnfO{ ;'wfg{sf lglDt cfkm\gf]
tkm{af6 ;xof]u jf nufgL ug]{ :ki6 gLlt / ;f]r agfPsf] b]lvb}g lsgsL ;~rf/df
ul/Psf] nufgLsf] k|efjnfO{ dfgfdf /f]k]/ d'/Ldf gfKb} af]/f e/]/ b]vfpg
ldNb}g .
vf; u/L ;~rf/ / dlxnfsf] cGt{;DaGwnfO{ :yflkt ug]{ klxnf] 7'nf] cGt/f{li6«o
k|of; a]Olhª ;Dd]ng g} lyof] . t/ To; ;Dd]ngn] dlxnf / ;~rf/sf ;DaGwdf s]
s:tf lgisif{x? lgsfn]sf] lyof] / s:tf] sfo{of]hgf agfPsf] lyof] eGg]
;"rgf;Dd klg d"nwf/] ;~rf/dfWodsf ljleGg txdf k'–ofP/ tL
dfWodx?nfO{ ;hu / ;r]t agfpg] sfd ;d]t dlxnf clwsf/sf nflu sfo{/t
;+3;+:yfx?n] ug{ g;s]sf] ;DalGwt JolQmx?sf] u'gf;f] 5 . pgLx?sf] egfOdf ædlxnf
;zlQms/0fæ æn}lu+s ;dfgtfÆ h:tf uxg cy{ af]s]sf zJbx? clxn] dlxnfx?sf
nflu sfd ug]{ elgPsf JolQm tyf ;+:yfx?n] y]uf] -cliche_ s}?kdf a9L k|of]u
ug]{ u/]sf / To;sf] u'9 kIfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ g;s]sf sf/0fn] ;d:of
Ho"“sfTo"“ /xg uPsf] xf] .
o;/L x]bf{ ;~rf/df dlxnf / n}lu+stf;DaGwL ;jfnx?sf] lhDd]jf/
k|:t'lt s:tf] xf] / s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ d"nwf/] ;~rf/dfWodsf pkNnf]
txsf JolQmx?;+u cGt{lqmof ug]{ / pgLx?nfO{ ljifok|lt ;+j]bgzLn agfpg] k|of;
Psbd} sd eO/x]sf] 5 . ;dfrf/ ;+:yfx?n] ;dfrf/ ljt/0f u/] h;/L oL
;+3;+:yfx?n] klg ;~rf/dfWoddf cfkm\gf ultljlwx?sf] hfgsf/L / krf{ k7fpg]
sfd dfq} w]/} u/]sf 5g\ h;n] ;~rf/dfWoddf o; ljifosf] k|:t'ltnfO{ kof{Kt /
;xL agfpg s'g} of]ubfg ub}{g . ;fy}
;dfrf/afx]s cfkmgf] ;/f]sf/sf ljifox?df ljrf/d'ns n]vx? n]Vg] / ax; rnfpg]
cyf{t /fd|f] sfdsf nflu ;~rf/nfO{ ;b'kof]u ug]{ sfddf dlxnf clwsf/
sfo{stf{x?sf] hf“u/ ;f/} sd b]lvPsf] 5 . To;}n] k6sk6s ulx/f];+u ;~rf/dfWodsf
k|d'vx?;+u cGtlqm{of gu/L / ;DalGwt ljifodf cfkm}n] klg snd rnfpg] hf“u/
glgsfnL ;~rf/dfWoddf /x]sf sdLx?nfO{ ;'wfg{ ;lsb}g .
o;} ;Gbe{df ;~rf/dfWoddf sfo{/t t/ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf sd ;xefuL x'g ;Sg]
s]xL kqsf/x?nfO{ nIoLt ;d'x agfP/ n}lu+s ;+j]bglzntf ;DaGwL s]xL tflnd jf
cGtlqm{of sfo{qmdx? ul/Psf 5g\ t/ tL sfo{qmdx? ;d]t ;Ifd, k|lta4 / lj1 ;|f]t
JolQmx?sf] cefjdf k|efjsf/L x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . Psk6s cln ulDe/ /
lg0ff{os lhDd]jf/L ePsf kqsf/x?sf nflu cfof]hgf ul/Psf] sfo{qmddf ;xefuL
kqsf/x?sf k|Zgx?sf] lrQa'´bf] hjfkm lbg g;sL ;|f]t JolQm g} sfo{qmd
5f]8]/ lx+8\g'k/]sf] lttf] 36gf klg oltv]/ ;lDemg'kg]{ x'G5 .
cS;/ ljsf; / n}lu+stf;DaGwL tflndsf ;|f]t JolQmx? g} kqsf/x?nfO{
klg tflnd lbg] ;|f]tJolQmsf ?kdf /xg] u/]sfn] o:tf] ;d:of kg{ uPsf] b]lvG5
lsgsL pgLx?df n}lu+stf;DaGwL ;}4flGts 1fg t x'G5 t/ ;~rf/dfWod / kqsfl/tfsf]
;}4flGts / Jofjxfl/s b'j}y/L 1fgsf] lgtfGt cefj x'G5 . ha s'g} ;d'xn] sfd
ug]{ tf}/ tl/sf / k4lt g} a'lemb}g, ta To; ;d'xsf] sfddf s'g} klg cjwf/0ffnfO{
s;/L ;dflxt ug]{ eg]/ pgLx?nfO{ g} k9fpg vf]Hg' cToGt r'gf}ltk"0f{
x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ kqsf/x?sf nflu cfof]hgf ul/Psf ljleGg n}lu+s ;+j]bgzLntf
;DaGwL sfo{qmdx?df ;Ifd ;|f]t JolQm, pko'Qm ljifoa:t' / plrt k|lzIf0f
k4ltsf] cefjn] sfo{qmdx? k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] ;DalGwt JolQmx? atfp“5g\
. o; egfOnfO{ ;DalGwt ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] ulDe/tfk'j{s lng}k5{ / cfkm\gf sdhf]/Lx?nfO{
l:jsf/]/ ;'wfg kxn ug'{'k5{ . tflndsf] k|efjsfl/tfs} s'/f ubf{ k|lzIfsx?
klg dlxnf / k'?if b'j} ePdf nlIot ;d'xnfO{ ljifok|lt a9L ;+j]bgzLn agfpg
dgf]j}1flgs?kdf ;xof]u k'Ug] x'“bf o;df klg cfof]hsx?n] Wofg k'¥ofpg'
h?/L 5 .
d"nwf/] ;~rf/dfWodsf lg0ff{os txsf kqsf/x?df csf]{ Pp6f cfz°f
s] klg /x]sf] 5 eg] ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ n}lu+s?kdf ;r]t / ;+j]bgzLn agfpg s'/f
ug]{x?n] o; ljifonfO{ bft[ ;+:yfsf] Ozf/f / ;xof]udf dfq p7fO/x]sf 5g\ .
o; ljifonfO{ cfkm\gf] cfwf/e"t rf;f]sf] ljifosf] ?kdf glnO{
“8n/ cfh{g‘ sf] ljifo dfq agfPsf] x'gfn] k|lta4tf / ulDe/tfsf ;fy
of] ljifo p7fOPs} 5}g / k}/jL ;d'xsf?kdf :jo+;]jL efjgfn] ;~rf/dfWod;Dd o;
ljifonfO{ k'¥ofpg k|of; ePs} 5}g . To;}n] ljifonfO{ p7fpg] lgot /
b[li6sf]0f g} ;kmf gx'“bf;Dd d'nwf/] ;~rf/dfWodsf] g]t[Tj txnfO{
ljifok|lt ;}j]bgzLn agfpg ;lsb}g eGg] pgLx?sf] a'emfO 5 . st} ;fRr} o;
If]qdf sfo{/t ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] o; ljifonfO{ cfkmgf] :jfy{sf lglDt lasfp ljifo
dfq t agfO/x]sf 5}gg\ < ca pgLx? cfkm}n] klg / c?x?n] klg o;sf] hjfkm
vf]Hg'k5{ lsgsL cfwf hgzlQm dlxnfx?sf] hLjg / eljio;“u hf]l8Psf] s'g}
klg ljifo yf]/} 6f7faf7fx?sf] sdfO vfg] ;jfn dfq aGg' eg]sf] ;fdflhs
Gofosf] b[li6sf]0faf6 klg ck/fw xf] .
o;/L g]kfnL ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ dlxnf / n}Lu+stf;DaGwL ;jfnx?df ;hu / ;+j]bgzLn
agfpg] qmddf d'nwf/] ;~rf/dfWodsf lg0ff{os JolQmTjx?n] ;DalGwt ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf
af/]df o:tf a'emfOx? /flv/fv]sf] cj:yfdf Psf]xf]/f] 9u+n] cfkm'n] to u/]sf
sfo{qmdx? dfq lbP/ l:yltnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsb}g . pgLx?n] JoQm u/]sf o:tf
egfOx?nfO{ km]/L klg k'?ifk|wfg ;f]r eg]/ kG5fpg] cj:yf ca 5}g . To;}n]
pgLx?n] cl3 ;f/]sf s'/fx?df lg/y{s cf/f]kx? 5g\ eg] ;DalGwt ;+3 ;+:yfx?n]
g} pgLx?nfO{ jf:tljstf a'emfpg ;Sg'k5{ . olb cf}+NofOPsf sdLsdhf]/Lx? ;To
x'g\ eg] To:tf ;+:yfx?n] cfkmgf] ;f]r / sfo{k4ltdf OdfGbf/?kdf kl/jt{g ug{
tof/ x'g'k5{ / cfkm' abNg'k5{ . gq ;~rf/dfWoddf o; ljifodf clxn] b]lvPsf]
;d:of ;w}el/ ;d:of dfq} /lx/xg]5 / To;n] slxNo} ;dfwfgsf] af6f] e]§fpg
;Sg]5}g .
g]kfn k|]; OlGi6Ro'6;+u ug{ ;lsg] ;+o'Qm sfo{qmd
g]kfnsf
kqklqsf, /]l8of] / 6]lnlehg h:tf ;~rf/dfWodx?df cfjZos dfqfdf dlxnf /
n}lu+stf;DaGwL ;fdu|Lx? cem} klg cfpg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . dlxnf z;lQms/0f /
n}lu+s ;dfgtfsf lglDt ;~rf/n] v]Ng ;Sg] e'ldsf cToGt 7'nf] x'G5 . t/ ha tL
dfWodx?df ;DalGwt ;fdu|Lx?n] sd 7fp“ kfp“5g\ / lbOPsf ;fdu|Lx?
klg n}Lu+s ;r]tgfsf ;fy k|:t't ul/b}gg\, tL ;fdu|Lx?n] n}lu+s ;dfgtfsf]
kIFdf geO{ a? To;sf] ljkIfdf jftfj/0- agfpg] sfd u5{g\ . clxn] g]kfnsf] ;~rf/dfWod
n}lu+s?kdf x'g'kg]{ hlt ;r]t / ;+j]bgzLn b]lvg ;s]sf] 5}g . t/ o;f] lsg
x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g eGg] jf:tljstf a'´g ;~rf/dfWoddf g} sfo{/t kqsf/x?;+u
5nkmn / cGtlqmof x'g h?/L b]lvG5 . kqsf/x?nfO{ o; ljifonfO{ /fd|F];+u a'´g
/ To;nfO{ cfkm\gf] n]vgdf ptfg{ ufxf/f] kl//x]sf] 5 cyjf pgLx? a'emL a'emL
o; ljifonfO{ sd dxTj lbg], a+UofP/ k|:t't ug]{ ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg] yfxf kfpg
klg pgLx?;+u} a;]/ s'/fsfgL ug'{k5{ .
lhNnf
lhNnfdf /x]/ ;dfrf/ vf]Hg], n]Vg] ;+jfbbftfb]lv kqklqsf / /]l8of]
6]lnlehgsf d'Vo sfof{nodf a;]/ tL ;dfrf/sf] k|fyldstf tf]Sg], ;Dkfbg ug]{
/ k|sfzg k|;f/0fdf k'¥ofpg] ;Dkfbsx?sf] o; ;DaGwdf s] egfO 5 / sfd ug]{
qmddf em]Ng'kg]{ j}rfl/s / Jofjxfl/s
sl7gfOx? s] 5g| eGg] ljifodf cfk;L ljdz{ x'g'k5{ . To;}n] kf“r}
ljsf; If]qdf lqmoflzn kqsf/x?;+u o; ljifodf cGtlqmof ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .
oL cGtlqmofx?n] ;xefuL kqsf/x?n] dlxnf / n}lu+stf;DalGw ljifox?nfO{ s;/L
a'em]sf 5g\, oL ljifox?nfO{ ;xL 9u+n] s;/L a'´g'k5{, tL s'/fx?nfO{ ;~rf/dfWodsf
ljleGg ljwfdf tof/ ul/g] ;fdu|Lx?df s;/L ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5, o;/L ;dfj]z ug'{
lsg cfjZos 5 h:tf k|Zgx? pQl/t x'g]5g\ .
To;}u/L
k|;u+az JolQmut s'/fsfgL ubf{ s]xL kqsf/x?n] cfkm'nfO{ dlxnf / n}lu+stf ;DaGwdf
/fli6«o cGt/f“li6«o txdf s] s:tf b:tfj]hx? kfl/t ePsf 5g\, To“xf s]
elgPsf] 5 eGg] yfxf x'g g;s]sf] / tL ;fdu|Lx? ;lhn} Ps} 7fp“df kfpg
g;Sbf To“xf pNn]lvt s'/fx?nfO{ cfkm'n] cfkm\gf] n]vgdf ;dfj]z ug{ c;lhnf]
k/]sf] klg atfp“5g\ . of] ;d:of w]/} kqsf/x?nfO{ k/]sf] x'g ;S5 . To;}n]
kqsf/x?nfO{ dlxnf / n}lu+stf;DaGwL ;jfnx?df n]]Vgsf nflu k|]l/t ug{ / ;lhnf]
kfl/lbg ;DalGwt ;a} /fli6«o cGt/f“li6«o b:tfj]hx?nfO{ ;/n lsl;dn] Ps
7fp“df hDdf kf/L g]kfnL efiffdf Advocacy
Manual
tof/ ug{ h?/L
b]lvG5 . kqsf/x?;+usf] cGt{lqmof sfo{qmdeGbf cl3 g} pQm
Advocacy
Manual
tof/ u/L To;sf] cfwf/df klg 5nkmnnfO{ cl3 a9fpg ;lsG5 .
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