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dlxnf / aflnsf t:s/L;DaGwL s]xL pNn]Vo k|sfzgx¿
;g\ !((! df k|hftGqsf] k'ga{xfnLkl5 dlxnf / aflnsf
t:s/L;DaGwL ;fdflhs ljdz{sf] lj:tf/ ePsf] xf] . To;kl5 g} o; ;d:ofsf] lj?4
n8\g pNn]Vo ;ª\Vofdf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] :yfkgf ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] cGt/f{li6«o
;d'bfon] klg o;tkm{ rf;f] b]vfpg yfn]sf] kfOG5 . dlxnf / aflnsf t:s/L;DaGwL
y'k|} cWoog–cg';Gwfgx¿ ePsf 5g\ . ;~rf/dfWoddf o; ljifodf lbgx'"h;f] s]xL g
s]xL 5flkPsf] x'G5 . kmn:j?k clxn] of] g]kfnL dlxnfx¿sf] Pp6f d'Vo /fli6«o ;jfnsf]
¿kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 .
;d:ofsf] uDeL/tfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ g} cl:dtf ;+:yfn]
;g\ !((* df dlxnf / aflnsf t:s/Lsf] l:yltnfO{ a'‰g] x]t'n] Ps cWoog k|f]h]S6
;DkGg u/]sf] lyof] . pQm k|f]h]S6cGtu{t cWoog ;do -;g\
'(*_eGbf
cl3 !) jif{leq k|sflzt ;fdu|Lx¿ -k':ts, k'l:tsf, l/kf]6{ cflb_sf] ;dLIff ul/Psf]
lyof] . To;a]nf k|sflzt clwsf+z ;dfu|Lx¿ anhkm\tL j]Zofj[lQdf nufpg ef/tsf
j]Zofnox¿df a]lrPsf dlxnf / aflnsfx¿sf] ;DaGwdf s]lGb|t kfOPsf lyP . dlxnf /
aflnsf t:s/Lsf cGo cfofdx¿, h:t}, anhkm\tL j]Zofj[lQafx]s cGo k|of]hgsf nflu
e}/x]sf] laqmL, k'?if t:s/L, ef/tafx]s cGo d'n's jf b]zleq} e}/x]sf] dfgj
t:s/L, dlxnf t:s/L / j]Zofj[lQaLrsf] ;DaGw, a;fOF;/fO / dfgj t:s/LaLrsf] ;DaGw
cflbaf/] ;f°]lts¿kdf dfq s'/f p7fOPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !((* kl5 k|sflzt cWoog–cg';Gwfgx¿df
s]xL kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 ls eg]/ hfGg] x]t'n] dlxnf / aflnsf t:s/L;DaGwL pknAw
;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;°ng / cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] . k|:tfljt dlxnf t:s/Llj?4 ;~rf/ ;lqmotf
sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9Ën] sfof{Gjog ug{ / j}rfl/s :ki6tf;fy cl3 a9\g klg
o;f] ug'{ cfjZos lyof] .
lgZro klg ljut kf"r–5 jif{df dlxnf / aflnsf t:s/L;DaGwL
s]xL pNn]vgLo ;fdu|Lx¿ k|sflzt ePsf 5g\, h;n] pQm ;d:ofaf/] ljljw gof"
b[li6sf]0f / kIfx¿nfO{ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . Pp6f /dfOnf] s'/f s] eg] oL
k|foh;f] ;fdu|Lx¿n] g]kfndf dlxnf / aflnsf t:s/LnfO{ lng] ;DaGwdf cem} klg
cjwf/0ffTds :ki6tf -sG;]KRo'cn SNofl/6L_ gcfO;s]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . cnu–cnu
j}rfl/s k[i7e"ld ePsf cg';Gwftf JolQm / ;+:yfx¿sf] k|fyldstfcg';f/ s'g} vf;
kIfnfO{ dxŒj lbg] k|j[lQn] ubf{ lj/f]wfef;k"0f{ ljrf/x¿ k|jflxt e}/x]sf 5g\
. pbfx/0fsf nflu, dlxnfx¿sf] ;'/lIft a;fO";/fOsf lglDt sfd ug]{]{ ;+:yfsf]
cWoogdf xfd|f]h:tf] ;fdflhs k[i7e"leaf6 cfPsf dlxnfx¿ ;lhn} dfgj t:s/Lsf]
hfndf km:g;Sg] tYonfO{ a]jf:tf u/]/ 3'dlkm/ ug{ kfpg] dlxnfsf] g};lu{s clwsf/nfO{
s'g} klg axfgfdf afwf t]:of{pg gx'g] egL jsfnt ul/Psf] e]l6G5 . ptf hf]lvddf
/x]sf] If]q / ;Ldf kf/ ug]{ gfsfx¿df lgu/fgL ug{df ;+nUg ;+:yfx¿sf] cWoogdf
‘3'dlkm/ ug{ kfpg] dlxnfsf] g};lu{s xsnfO{ Tolt dxŒj lbPsf] kfO"b}g . o;}u/L
Jofj;flos of}gsdL{x¿sf] :jf:Yo / xslxtsf nflu sfd ug]{ ;+:yfx¿sf] cWoogdf
j]Zofj[lQnfO{ lg/k/fwLs/0f -l8lqmldgnfOh]zg_ ug'{k5{ eg]/ elgPsf]
e]l6G5 eg] o;sf] lgoGq0fdf ;+nUg lgsfox¿sf] cWoogdf j]Zofj[lQnfO{ ck/fwLs/0f
-lqmldgnfOh]zg_ ug'{k5{ eg]/ ts{ ul/Psf] x'G5 .
dlxnf÷aflnsf t:s/L;DaGwL g]kfndf hlt klg cWoog–cg';Gwfgx¿
ePsf 5g\ tL ;a}h;f] bft[;+:yfsf] cg'bfg–;xof]udf s'g} ;+:yfåf/f ePsf 5g\ .
o;}n] klg cg';Gwfg ug]{–u/fpg] ;+:yfsf] :jfy{ / k|fyldstfsf] 5fk cWoog–cg';Gwfgdf
k/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] ;d:of;DaGwL :jtGq¿kn] ul/Psf] k|fl1s cWoogx¿sf] lgtfGt
cefjn] klg cjwf/0ffTds :ki6tf cfpg g;s]sf] xf] ls eg]/ eGg ;lsG5 .
dlxnf÷aflnsf t:s/L;DaGwL rrf{–rf;f] b]lvPsf] bzs lalt;Sbf klg o;;DaGwL cjwf/0ffTds
:ki6tf gcfpg'n] s] ;°]t u5{ eg] cem} o; ljifodf kf/:kl/s ;+jfb, ax; / ljrf/ljdz{x¿
k'Ubf] dfqfdf x'g;s]sf 5}gg\ .
h] xf];\ ljut jif{x¿df g]kfndf dlxnf / aflnsf t:s/Lsf]
ljifodf /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] kxndf dxŒjk"0f{ cWoog–cg';Gwfgx¿
ePsf 5g\, h;n] pQm ;d:ofnfO{ km/flsnf] 9Ën] a'‰gdf d2t u5{g\ . tL cWoogx¿dWo]
pNn]vgLo s]xLsf] 5f]6f] kl/ro tn lbOPsf] 5 .
P8LaL= ;g\ @))#= sDAofl6ª\ 6«Øflkmlsª\ ckm ljd]g
PG8 lrN8«]g Og ;fpy Pl;of M l/hgn l;Gy]l;; k]k/ km/ aËnfb]z, OlG8of PG8
g]kfn= clk|n= dlgnf, lkmlnlkG; M Pl;Pg 8]enkd]G6 Aof°=
blIf0f Pl;ofdf dlxnf / aflnsf t:s/Llj?4 e}/x]sf
k|of;x¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] Wo]on] Pl;ofnL ljsf; Aof° -P8LaL_n] h'nfO{ @))@
df
'If]qLo
k|fljlws ;xof]u'
-l/hgn 6]lSgsn Pl;:6\ofG;, cf/O{6LP_ sfo{qmdsf] ;'?cft u/]sf] lyof] .
aËnfb]z, ef/t / g]kfndf dlxnf / aflnsf t:s/L;DaGwL ToxL sfo{qmdcGtu{t ePsf
cg';Gwfg, sfo{zfnf / cWoog e|d0fsf lgisif{x¿nfO{ ;+Zn]if0f u/]/ of] lstfa
tof/ kl/Psf] 5 . o; lstfadf aËnfb]z, ef/t / g]kfndf dlxnf / aflnsf t:s/Lsf]
nueu ;Dk"0f{ kIfx¿nfO{ t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f u/]/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . P8LaLsf] ;dflhs
ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xof]u k'uf];\ egL of] cWoog ul/Psf] b]lvP
klg ;d:ofnfO{ blIf0f Pl;ofsf] If]qLo kl/k|]Iodf a'‰g of] lstfa lgs} ;xfos
x'g;S5 . blIf0f Pl;ofnL d'n'sx¿df dlxnf÷aflnsf t:s/Laf/]sf] a'emfO, o;lj?4
n8\g] gLlt / sfo{qmdx¿df ljleGgtf /x]sf] 5 / oL d'n'sx¿n] o;lj?4 ;+o'Qm¿kdf
n8\g] xf] eg] gLlt / sfo{qmdx¿df Ps¿ktf x'gk5{ eGg] o; k':tssf] cfu|x lgs}
dggLo 5 .
o'lgkm]d tyf cGo= @))#= kf]lnl;h, ;le{; d]sflgHd
PG8 O:o"h ckm g]kfnL dfOUo|fG6 ljd]g js{;{ M c ¥oflk8 ;f]l;on OGe]l:6u]zg=
sf7df8f}+ M o'lgkm]d g]kfn lkmN8 clkm;≥≤ >L % sf] ;/sf/, >d tyf oftfoft
Joj:yf dGqfno≤ ;dfgtf, OlG:66\o"6 km/ ;f]l;on PG8 h]G8/ OSjfln6L=
' k'?ifx¿
a;fO" ;5{g\, dlxnfx¿ a]lrG5g\'
eGg] s]xL jif{cl3;Ddsf] wf/0ffdf clxn] kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . dlxnfx¿ klg pNn]Vo
;ª\Vofdf a;fO" ;b}{5g\, /f]huf/sf] vf]hLdf . t/ lj8Dagfjz, dlxnfx¿sf] a;fO";/fO
t'ngfTds¿kn] Tolt Jojl:yt / ;xh x'g ;s]sf]] 5}g . pgLx¿sf] a;fO";/fO ;'/lIft
x'gdf cg]s tuf/fx¿ 5g\ . a;fO";/fOs} qmddf jf uGtJo:yn k'u]kl5 dlxnfx¿sf]
cj}w laqmL x'g;S5 / pgLx¿ s'g} k|sf/sf] >d bf;Tj -of}g bf;Tj ;d]t_df af"lwg
k'U5g\ . Ps 7fp"af6 csf]{ 7fp"df lgaf{w cfjfthfjft ug{ kfpg' dlxnfsf]
g};lu{s dfgjclwsf/ xf] eGg] cfbz{nfO{ k':tsfsf/df 5flkPsf] o; l/kf]6{n]
alnof];"u ks8]sf] 5 . dlxnfx¿sf] ;'/lIft a;fO";/fO;DaGwL s]–s:tf afwf–Jojwfgx¿
5g\ / ltgnfO{ kG5\ofpg s] ug'{k5{ egL o;df pkfox¿ ;'emfOPsf 5g\ . dlxnfsf]
a;fO";/fO;DaGwL tYof°x¿sf] k|:t'lt lkmtnf] b]lvP klg o;;DaGwL yk cg';Gwfgsf
nflu of] lstfa Pp6f 6]sf] x'g;S5 .
sfs–g]kfn= ;g\ @))@= :6s–6]lsª\ ckm PlShl:6ª\
l/;r{ PG8 8]6f cg 6«Øflkmlsª\ ckm ljd]g PG8 uN;{ -kmfOgn l/kf]6{_=
;]D6]Da/= sf7df8f}+ M sDo"lg6L PSzg ;]G6/ – g]kfn -sfs–g]kfn_=
>L % sf] ;/sf/n] dlxnf / aflnsf t:s/Llj?4 ;+o'Qm/fi6«
sfo{bn -o'PgP; 6f:s kmf];{ cu]G:6 6«Øflkmlsª\_sf] ;xof]udf lht -JIT_
gfds Pp6f sfo{d"ns sfo{qmdsf] th'{df u/]sf] 5 . To; sfo{qmdsf] k"/f gfp" xf]
–
'dlxnf÷aflnsf t:s/LeGbf k/ M dlxnf /
aflnsf t:s/Llj?4 ;x;|flAbdf ;+o'Qm kxn'
-laof]G8 6«Øflkmlsª\ M c HjfOG6 Olgl;Pl6e Og b ldn]lgcd cu]G:6
6«Øflkmlsª\ Og ljd]g PG8 uN;{, lht_ . o'Pg8LkLsf] cu'jfOdf ul7t ;+o'Qm/fi6«sf]
pQm sfo{bndf o'Pg8LkL, o'lgkm]d, o'PgPkmkLP, cfOPncf], o'lg;]km,
o'Pg8LkL–P;P;8An"P, cf]Pr;LPrcf/ tyf gf]/f8 5g\ . k|:t't cWoog l/kf]6{ ;f]xL
sfo{bnsf] ;xof]udf sDo"lg6L PS;g l/;r{ ;]G6/ -;LP;L–g]kfn_n] tof/ kf/]sf] xf]
. o; cWoogsf] d"n p2]Zo g]kfndf dlxnf÷aflnsf t:s/Lsf] ;DaGwdf pknAw ;Dk"0f{
;fdu|Lsf] k'g/fjnf]sg -l/Eo"_ ug'{ / cg';Gwfg, tYof° / d'2fx¿df /x]sf
vf8nx¿sf] klxrfg ug'{ lyof] . :d/0fLo 5, ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] cWoog cl:dtf ;+:yfn]
rf/ jif{cl3 dfq ;DkGg ul/;s]sf] lyof] . ;dfg k|s[ltsf sfo{qmdx¿ bf]xf]l/g'
plrt xf]Og eg]/ elg/xg] Toqf 7"N7"nf ;+:yfx¿sf] kxndf of] sfd bf]xf]l/g'
cgf}7f] b]lvG5 . h] eP klg pknAw cWoog / cg';Gwfgx¿sf] Jojl:yt ;"rL lbOPsf]n]
o; l/kf]6{nfO{ dlxnf / aflnsf t:s/L;DaGwL cWoogsf nflu ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] ultnf]
;|f]tsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
Pl;of kmfpG8]zg / kk'n]zg sfplG;n= ;g\ @))!=
lk|e]Gzg ckm 6«Øflkmlsª\ PG8 b s]/ PG8 ;kf]6{ ckm 6«ØflkmS8 k;{G;=
km]a|'c/L= sf7df8f}+ M Pl;of kmfpG8]zg≤ Go' lbNnL M xf]/fOhG; k|f]h]S6
kk'n]zg sfplG;n=
dlxnf t:s/L tyf j]Zofj[lQ, afnaflnsfsf] t:s/L, a;fO";/fO,
dfgjclwsf/ / PrcfO{eL÷P8\;aLr /x]sf] h]lnPsf] ;DaGwnfO{ a'‰g of] lstfa lgs}
;xof]uL x'g;S5 . g]kfndf dlxnf÷aflnsf t:s/Lsf] /f]syfdsf nflu ljBdfg P]g–sfg'g
/ gLlt–lgodx¿df /x]sf sdL–sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ o;df /fd|/L 5n{ª\UofOPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L
/ u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 dlxnf÷aflnsf t:s/Lsf] /f]syfdsf nflu / o;af6 kLl8tx¿sf]
k'g:yf{kgf ug{ e}/x]sf x:tIf]ksf/L sfd–sf/afxLx¿nfO{ o;df /fd|/L s]nfpg]
hdsf]{ ePsf] 5 .
s]=;L=, afns'df/ tyf cGo= ;g\ @))!= 6«Øflkmlsª\
Og uN;{ ljy :k]zn l/km/]G; 6' k|l:66\o"zg M c ¥oflk8 c;];d]G6= gf]e]Da/=
sf7df8f}+ M ;]G6«n l8kf6{d]G6 ckm kk'n]zg :6l8h -l;8LkLP;_, lqlj≤ h]g]ef M
OG6/Gofzgn n]a/ clkm; -cfOPncf]_=
o; cWoogn] g]kfnaf6 a]lrg] afnaflnsfx¿sf] kl/df0fnfO{
Jojl:yt 9Ën] lgSof]{n ug]{ k|oTg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] 3f]if0ffcg';f/, g]kfnaf6
jif]{gL a]lrg] afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof !@ xhf/ 5 . c°u0fLtLo cfwf/df oflGqs
9Ën] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] of] kl/df0f klg Tolt e/kbf]{ 5}g . cfOPncf]n] ljsf;
u/]sf] b|'t u0fgf k4lt -¥oflk8 c;];d]G6 d]y8_sf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] o;
cWoogn] dlxnf÷aflnsf t:s/L / j]Zofj[lQsf] ;DaGwdf yk tYox¿nfO{ cl3 ;f/]sf] 5
. kl/0ffdsf] af/]df hfGbfhfGb} klg :j]R5fn] jf kl/jf/sf] ;xdltdf j]Zoj[lQdf
;+nUg x'g] dlxnfx¿ klg pNn]Vo ;ª\Vofdf kfOg] ePsfn] dlxnf÷aflnsf t:s/Lsf] ;d:of
xn ug{df sl7gfOx¿ cfpg;S5g\ eGg] o; cWoogsf] ;°]t ljrf/0fLo 5 .
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