jif{ @)^) sf] ;'?b]lv ebf} !% ut];Dd g]kfnL kqklqsfx¿df dfgj a]rlavglj?4 ljleGg ;dfrf/, lkmr/ tyf n]vx¿ pNn]vgLo ;ª\Vofdf k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . o; cjlwdf 5fkfdf o; ljifodf s]–s:tf ;fdu|Lx¿ k|sflzt eP eg]/ ;~rf/ lgu/fgL ug]{ qmddf s]xL k|d'v b}lgs tyf ;fKtflxs klqsfx¿nfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] . b}lgs klqsfx¿ sflGtk'/, /fhwfgL, g]kfn ;dfrf/kq, :k];6fOd, lxdfno 6fOD;, uf]/vfkq, cGgk"0f{ kf]:6 / sf7df8f}+ kf]:6 tyf ;fKtflxs klqsfx¿ b]zfGt/, b[li6, a'wjf/, 36gf / ljrf/, hgcf:yf, ;fKtflxs, ;fKtflxs ljdz{ / g]kfnL 6fOD;sf ;a} c°df cfPsf o; ljifosf ;dfrf/–n]vx¿nfO{ s]nfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L g]kfnL 5fkf dfWodnfO{ lj:t[t ¿kdf s]nfp"bf d"ntM lgDg lsl;dsf ;fdu|Lx¿ k|sflzt ePsf] b]lvGYof] .

k|sflzt ;fdu|Lx¿dWo] clwstd afnaflnsf tyf dlxnfx¿sf] p4f/ ul/Psf ;dfrf/x¿ lyP . ;dfrf/cg';f/, s]xLnfO{ ef/tdf a]lrO;s]sf] 7fp"af6 / w]/}nfO{ ef/t tyf cGo vf8L d'n'sdf a]Rg] jf hf]lvdk"0f{ sfd nufOlbg] p2]Zon] nlug nfu]sf] ;dodf p4f/ ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfn–ef/t ;Ldfsf ljleGg gfsfx¿df lgu/fgL ug]{ dfOtL g]kfn, ;e{ g]kfn, dlxnf k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb| cflbsf sfo{stf{ / k|x/L dlxnf ;]nsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;lqmotfdf To:tf] p4f/ ul/Psf] lyof] . ef/taf6 p4f/ ubf{ PaL;L g]kfn, k|jf;L g]kfnL ldq d~r / ef/tLo k|x/Lsf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] ;dfrf/x¿n] b]vfPsf lyP .

p4f/ ul/Psf w]/} dlxnfx¿ ef/tafx]s ;pbL c/a, s'j]t, cf]dfg cflb b]zdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu hfg nfu]sf t/ pgLx¿dWo] w]/};"u kf;kf]6{, le;f, hfg] 7fp"sf] ;xL 7]ufgf cflb gePsf sf/0f pgLx¿nfO{ kmsf{OPsf] lyof] . sltkonfO{ gfsfdf /f]s]/ cleefjssf] lhDdf nufP/ klg hfg lbOPsf] lyof] . ;dfrf/df cfPcg';f/, o; cjlwdf ljleGg gfsfx¿af6 &@ hgf aflnsf tyf dlxnfx¿ / Pshgf o'jsnfO{ p4f/ ul/Psf] lyof] . tL o'jsnfO{ ls8\gL a]Rg] p2]Zon] ef/t k'¥ofpg nfluPsf] atfOPsf] 5 . To;}u/L s'j]t / cf]dfgdf n}hfg nfluPsf !^ o'jtL -st} !$ o'jtL n]lvPsf]_nfO{ uf]/vk'/sf] xf]6naf6, !* hgfnfO{ aDaO{sf sf]7Lx¿af6 / #% -of] ;ªVof st} #$, st} #* klg pNn]v ul/Psf]_ hgfnfO{ d'hkm\km/gu/sf] Ps ;s{; sDkgLaf6 kmsf{P/ NofOPsf] lyof] .

o;/L p4f/ ul/Psf dlxnfx¿ sf7df8f}+, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, s~rgk'/, vf]6fª, eQmk'/, gjnk/f;L, sf:sL, ?kGb]xL, pbok'/, jlb{of, sfe|]knf~rf]s, /;'jf, kf"ry/, ;'g;/L, df]/ª, :ofª\hf, nlntk'/, bfª, afUn'ª, slknj:t', l;Gw'nL, tfKn]h'ª, /fd]5fk u/L @# lhNnfsf afl;Gbf lyP . pgLx¿nfO{ aflx/ n}hfg] p2]Zon] lnP/ lx+8]sf @# hgf k'?if / kf"rhgf dlxnfnfO{ cleo'Qmsf ¿kdf k|x/Ln] kqmfp u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] w]/}hgf km/f/ ePsf lyP .

kqklqsfx¿df bf];|f] w]/} ;ª\Vofdf cfPsf ;dfrf/x¿ afnaflnsf tyf dlxnf a]rlavglj?4 ;/sf/ / ljleGg u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx¿n] u/]sf ultljlwx¿df s]lGb|t lyP . o; cjlwdf a]rlavglj?4 uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/, a}7s, tflnd, cGtlqm{of, cGt/;Djfb sfo{qmd, k':ts ljdf]rg, k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs, 8So"d]G6«L k|bz{g, cfjlws u[x :yfkgf, tLh sfo{qmd cflb u/]/ hDdfhDdL #% j6f cnucnu sfo{qmd ePsf b]lvG5g\ . oL sfo{qmdx¿sf] cfof]hgf cGt/f{li6«o / /fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ tyf ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfox¿n] u/]sf lyP .

s'n #% dWo] !& j6f ultljlw sf7df8f}+df / !* j6f /fhwfgLaflx/ lhNnfdf ePsf lyP . To;}u/L :j]bzL u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] @$ j6f sfo{qmd, ;/sf/L lgsfon] tLgj6f sfo{qmd, ;/sf/ ;d]tsf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf lgsfo tyf kl/of]hgfn] rf/j6f sfo{qmd / cGt/F{li6«o u};; tyf o'Pg Ph]G;Ln] rf/j6f sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . Pp6} sfo{qmdsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg klqsfx¿df ;dfrf/ k|sfzg x'g] u/]sfn] ultljlw #% j6f dfq eP klg ;dfrf/x¿ To;eGbf lgs} w]/} k|sflzt ePsf b]lvG5g\ . o; ju{df kg]{ ;a} ;dfrf/x¿sf] ;|f]t sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug]{ ;+:yfsf b:tfj]h / kbflwsf/Lx¿ lyP . oL ;dfrf/x¿n] ;DalGwt ;+3–;+:yfx¿n] o; If]qdf d"ntM s:tf ultljlwx¿ ubf{ /x]5g\ eGg] tYonfO{ 5n{ª\Uofp"5g\ .

o; cjlwdf t];|f] w]/} ;dfrf/x¿sf] 7fp" ef/tsf] ckf]nf] ;s{;af6 p4f/ u/L NofOPsf aflnsf tyf o'jtLx¿sf ;DaGwdf lyof] . 36gf Pp6} lyof], t/ kqklqsfx¿df o;n] lgs} 7"nf] ;dfrf/–d"No kfPsf] lyof] . lgu/fgL ul/Psf klqsfx¿df o; ljifodf @( j6f ;dfrf/ / Pp6f n]v k|sflzt ePsf] kfOof] . ;dfrf/x¿sf] ljljwtfn] pgLx¿sf] p4f/ ul/Psf], g]kfn cfOk'Ubf g]kfn aGbsf sf/0f larNnLdf k/]sf], kl/jf/df k'g:yf{lkt ePsf], PshgfnfO{ dflnsn] kms{g bafj lbPsf], kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf pgLx¿n] atfPsf oftgfsf j0f{gx¿, ;+3–;+:yfdf k'g:yf{lkt ePsf] cj:yf cflb w]/} kIfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] lyof] . ;s{;df sfd ug{sf nflu klg afnaflnsfsf] laqmL x'g] u/]sf] rrf{ a]nfa]nfdf ;'lgPsf] lyof] tfklg olt w]/} aflnsf tyf o'jtLx¿ ;s{;df sfd ug{ k'u]sf / Toxf"leq of}g tyf cGo zf]if0fdf k/L p4f/ ;d]t ePsf] ;k|df0f hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] of] klxnf] 36gf xf] . ;DejtM oxL sf/0fn] ubf{ klg o; 36gfn] cTolws ;dfrf/–d"No kfof] . o;n] a]rljvg x'g] Pp6f csf]{ 7"nf] If]q ;s{; klg /x]5 eGg] tYonfO{ k|dfl0ft ul/lbof] .

kqklqsfx¿df w]/} ;fdu|Lx¿ k|sfzg ePsf] csf]{ ljifo j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;DaGwdf klg b]lvof] . lat]sf ;f9] rf/ dlxgfdf zf]if0f / a]rlavg;"u s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf ljleGg kIfx¿sf ;DaGwdf klg cTolws ;dfrf/ / lkmr/x¿ k|sflzt ePsf kfOP . o;cGtu{t s'n !& j6f ;fdu|Lx¿ /x]sf]df !# j6f ;Lw} dlxnf / j}b]lzs /f]huf/;"u hf]l8Psf 5g\ . o; ;d"xdf kg]{ ;fdu|Lx¿df w]/}h;f] vf]hL ul/Psf ;km\6 Go'hx¿ lyP / w]/}n] ljb]z uO{ b'v kfP/ kms{g]x¿sf] s]; :68L lbPsf lyP . Pp6f /f]rs ;dfrf/cg';f/ l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfdf j}zfv / h]7 @& ;Ddsf] b'O{ dlxgfsf] cjlwdf k'?ifeGbf a9L dlxnfx¿n] /fxbfgL lnPsf] b]lvof] . klxn]sf] cj:yf h];'s} eP klg ca dlxnfx¿ klg b]zljb]z hfg], /f]huf/L ug]{ / cfly{s ¿kdf cfTdlge{/ x'g] rfxgfn] k'?if hlQs} k|]l/t 5g\ eGg] gof" tYonfO{ o; 36gfn] k'li6 ul/lbPsf] 5 .

;'g;/Lsf] Pp6f ufp" ljsf; ;ldltdf ufp" 5f8\g] x/]sn] cg'dltkq lng'kg]{ Joj:yf, Pp6f j}b]lzs /f]huf/ sDkgLn] dlxnfnfO{ cj}w¿kdf xªsª k7fpg nfu]sf], vf8Ldf c;+ul7t If]qdf sfd ug]{ dlxnf c;'/lIft /x]sf], xªsªdf 3/]n' sfdbf/sf ¿kdf sfo{/t dlxnf kLl8t /x]sf]h:tf ;dfrf/x¿ klg k|sflzt ePsf lyP . ;fy} Pp6L g]kfnL dlxnfn] xªsªdf cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf nflu sfg'gL n8fO" n8]/ ;kmntf kfPsf] ;sf/fTds ;dfrf/ klg 5flkPsf] lyof] . To;}u/L bnfnn] ljb]z k7fpg] gfddf 7"nf] /sd vfOlbPsf], ljb]z k'u]/ efiff ghfg]sf sf/0f Ps dlxnf ckfË ag]/ kms{g' k/]sf]h:tf ;dfrf/x¿ klg k|sflzt lyP . o;afx]s ;/sf/n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;+:yfsf] Ohfhtkq vf/]h u/]sf], tflndsf nflu cg'dlt lbPsf], ljb]z hfg nluPsf dlxnf kmsf{OPsf], zxLbsf gfddf a]/f]huf/nfO{ ljb]z k7fpg] cj}w wGbf u/]sf]h:tf ;dfrf/x¿ klg To; aLrdf k|sflzt eP . ;du|df oL ;a} ;dfrf/x¿n] /fd|f] ;"rgf, sfdsf] ;+ul7t If]q, j}w tl/sf / kfpg;Sg] ;'ljwf ;a}sf] Uof/]G6L gu/L dlxnfx¿ j}blzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg' zf]if0fdf kg{;Sg] vt/f xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ g} ;°]t ub{y] .

ut ;fpg @% b]lv @* ut];Dd aËnfb]zsf] /fhwfgL 9fsfdf ePsf] dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO sfo{qmdsf ljifodf klg !) eGbf a9L ;dfrf/x¿ k|sflzt ePsf lyP . pQm sfo{qmd blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qLo :t/sf] lyof] tfklg blIf0f Pl;ofdf gkg]{ lkmlnlkG;, n]agfg, blIf0f clk|msf cflb d'n'ssf ;xefuLx¿ klg Toxf" lyP . rfnL; hgf k|efljt JolQmx¿ ;d]t !% ;ohgf ;xefuL /x]sf] pQm sfo{qmddf cnUu} dlxnf cbfntsf] cfjZostf, a]rlavgsf ljleGg :j?kx¿, ljZjJofkLs/0f, ul/aL, a;fO";/fO / hftLo lje]b, o'4 / ;z:q åGb, ;~rf/sf] e"ldsf cflb ljleGg ljifodf 5nkmn ePsf] ;dfrf/x¿n] hgfPsf 5g\ .

j}zfvotfsf rf/ dlxgfdf /]:6'/f" / dlxnf sfdbf/x¿;DaGwL ;~rf/ ;fdu|Lx¿ klg pNn]vgLo ;ª\Vofdf k|sflzt ePsf kfOP . o; qmddf w/fg, hgsk'/ / sf7df8f}+df xf]6n–/]:6'/f"df dlxnf sfdbf/n] ef]Ug'k/]sf ljBdfg ;d:ofx¿, ljs[ltx¿ / ;dfwfgsf] vf]hLdf s]lGb|t eP/ cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ug]{, cg'udg 6f]nL u7g ug]{, ljleGg lgod / ;xdltx¿ agfpg]h:tf sfdx¿ ePsf lyP . uf}zfnf / cf;kf; /x]sf Soflag /]:6'/f"x¿df k|x/Ln] 5fkf df/]sf], unt sfo{df ;+nUgx¿nfO{ ;dft]sf]h:tf ;dfrf/x¿ klg 5fkfdf cfPsf lyP . ;fy} dLt g]kfn gfds Ps ;+:yfn] sf7df8f}+df nfvf}+sf] ;ª\Vofdf /]:6'/f"nufot ljleGg dgf]/~hgsf If]qdf dlxnfx¿ sfo{/t / zf]lift /x]sf] hfgsf/L ;fj{hlgs u/]kl5 o; If]qk|lt w]/}sf] Wofg cfslif{t ePsf] b]lvG5 -o; tYof°sf ;DaGwdf o;} a'n]l6gsf] k]h g+ === sf] aS;df x]g'{xf];\_ . oL ;a} ;dfrf/x¿n] o; If]qdf sfd ug'{kg]{ dlxnfx¿sf] afWotf, pgLx¿n] em]ln/x]sf ;d:ofx¿, ;dfwfgsf ;Defljt pkfox¿ cflb ljifodf hfgsf/L lbg] k|of; u/]sf] kfOG5 .

clxn];Dd vf;u/L ljb]zdf x'g] afnaflnsf tyf dlxnfx¿sf] a]rlavg a9L rrf{sf] ljifo /x"b} cfPsf] eP klg ca :jb]zleq} dlxnfx¿ s;/L of}g zf]if0fdf kg{ afWo 5g\ eGg] tYonfO{ oL ;fdu|Lx¿n] phfu/ u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] ljb]zdf dfq x}g, :jb]zdf klg dlxnfx¿ ck|ToIf a]rlavgdf k/]sf / kg{;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ 68\sf/f] agfOlbPsf] 5 .

dfly ljleGg juL{s/0fdf /fv]/ rrf{ ul/Psf ;~rf/ ;fdu|Lx¿afx]s lat]sf ;f9] rf/ dlxgfdf kqklqsfdf dlxnf a]rlavg;"u hf]l8P/ s]xL PrcfO{eL÷P8\;;DaGwL ;dfrf/x¿ k|sflzt ePsf lyP . o; ;Gbe{df Pp6L P8\;kLl8t o'jtLn] ;fdflhs ckx]ngfsf sf/0f cfTdxTof u/]sf], csL{ To:t} o'jtLn] c?nfO{ cfkm" PrcfO{eL ;ª\qmldt ePsf] hfgsf/L lb+b} of}g ;Dks{ ug]{ u/]sf], >Ldfg\af6 PrcfO{eL ;ª\qmldt dlxnf kl/jf/af6 alxis[t ePsf], Pp6L ;ª\qmldt o'jtL lax]af/L u/]/ ;'vL hLjg latfO/x]sf] 36gfb]lv 8"8]Nw'/fsf] Pp6f P8\; k|efljt blnt a:tLdf ;a}sf] k/LIf0f u/fOg] ePsf];Ddsf ;dfrf/x¿ 5flkPsf lyP . oLdWo] a]rlavgdf k/]/ PrcfO{eL ;ª\qmldt x'g k'u]sf tLghgf dlxnfx¿sf] k|;Ë klg k/]sf] lyof] .

To;}u/L hLp df:g]–a]Rg] cleof]udf Ps dlxnf ;d]t kf"rhgfnfO{ s}b ;hfo ePsf ;dfrf/x¿ klg kqklqsfdf k|sflzt ePsf lyP . ;dfrf/cg';f/, Pp6L dlxnfnfO{ lrtjg lhNnf cbfntn] !) jif{ s}b / ljz]if cbfntn] rf/hgf cleo'QmnfO{ qmdzM &% jif{, #^ jif{, @$ jif{ tyf !@ jif{ s}b ;hfo km};nf u/]sf] lyof] . eLdaxfb'/ a:g]t gfdsf cleo'QmnfO{ tf]lsPsf] &% jif{ s}b km};nf ;DejtM o; cleof]]udf klxnf]k6s lbOPsf] ;a}eGbf w]/} ;hfo lyof] eGg] ;dfrf/bftfsf] cg'dfg lyof] .

;f9] rf/ dlxgfsf] cjlwdf a]rlavgdf kl/;s]/ jf kg{ nfu]/ dlxnfx¿sf] p4f/ ul/Psf ;dfrf/x¿ cToGt w]/} eP klg gfd} ;d]t x/fPsf jf a]kQf kfl/Psf afnaflnsf / dlxnfx¿;DaGwL ;dfrf/ lgs} sd cfPsf] b]lvof] . dsjfgk'/af6 c;f/ dlxgfdf dfq} !( aflnsf tyf dlxnfx¿ x/fPsf] /]s8{ lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no / dfOtL g]kfndf /x]sf] Ps ;dfrf/n] hgfPsf] lyof] eg] To;afx]s ;ft aflnsf / Ps afns ljleGg 7fp"af6 x/fPsf ;dfrf/x¿ k|sflzt eP . tLdWo] rf/hgf ;s{;sf bnfnåf/f / tLghgf 3/]n' sfdbf/sf ¿kdf sfd ug{ uPsf 7fp"af6 a]kQf ePsf lyP .

dfly plNnlvt ;fdu|Lx¿afx]s o;aLrdf dlxnf a]rlavg ;DaGwdf vf]hL l/kf]l6{ª\ / ljrf/d"ns n]vx¿ lgs} sd dfqfdf k|sflzt x'g ;s]sf] l:ylt 5 . Psfw n]vx¿ / afOnfOg ;dfrf/x¿ dfq k|sflzt x'g ;s]sf] l:yltdf cem} klg dlxnf a]rlavglj?4sf] ljifo g]kfnL kqsf/x¿sf nflu vf]hL kqsfl/tfsf] ljifo aGg ;s]sf] 5}g jf rfx]/ klg ljleGg ;d:ofsf sf/0f pgLx¿ To;f] ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ .