æe|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]gdf sd{rf/Ln] cldNbf] / c:jfefljs pRr hLjgofkg u/]df jf x}l;oteGbf a9L s;}nfO{ bfg, bftJo, pkrf/, ;fk6L rGbf jf as; lbPdf u}/sfg'gL ?kdf cfh{g u/]sf] dflgg] 5 . cleof]u k|dfl0ft ePdf bf]ifLnfO{ s;'/sf] dfqf x]/L @ b]lv !) jif{;Dd, lauf] c;'nL / ;f]xL adf]lhd hl/jfgf x'g]5 .Æ

xfn} >L % af6 nfndf]x/ nfu]sf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]gdf pQm s'/f pNn]v ePsf] 5 . pQm P]gsf] k|efj:j?k clxn] g} hgtfn] clnstf cfzfnfUbf sbdx? b]Vg yfn]sf 5g\ . s]xL lbgotf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] lghfdlt ;]jfsf /fh:j ;d'xsf afO; sd{rf/Lx?sf] 3/df 5fkf df/L pgLx?nfO{ lx/f;tdf lng] tyf pgLx?sf] 3/df y'kfl/Psf] cj}w ;DklQnfO{ cfkmgf] sAhfdf lng] h'g tTk/tf b]vfPsf] 5, To;af6 ldlxg]tsf] sdfO{n] h]gt]g hLjg u'hf/f rnfO/x]sf c;+Vo OdfGbf/ sd{rf/L / cfd hgtfnfO{ cfkmgf] ;fwf/0f hLjgk|lt uj{ dx;'; u/fPsf] 5 . t/ ;+u;+u} ;~rf/dfWoddf k|:t't ul/Psf tL cleo'Qmx?sf a+unf, uf8L, u/uxgf, gub tyf cGo cj}w ;DklQx?sf] ljj/0f / t:jL/n] cfd gful/snfO{ lj:dodf ;d]t kf/]sf] 5 .

7'nf7'nf a+unf x'g]x?sf] t s'/} 5f8f}+ . 3/ agfpg gEofO{;s]sfx? klg kf"r xhf/sf] tna a'em]/ ;ft xhf/sf] km\Nof6df a:g], uf8L geP 6\ofS;L r9]/ dfq sfof{no hfg] cfpg], st} hfg'kbf{ eP;Dd Kn]g geP uf8L l/hj{ u/]/ dfq lx+8\g] s/, eG;f/, dfnkf]t h:tf sfof{nodf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] zfgzf}stsf ;DaGwdf gLlh ?kdf w]/} l6sfl6Kk0fLx? ;'lgg] uYof]{ . pgLx?sf c? ljnf;L hLjgz}nLsf s'/f t ;fdfGo eOxfn] . t/ klg clxn] ;~rf/dfWodn] b]vfPhlt cs"t ;DklQ To:tf sd{rf/Ln] y'kf/]sf xf]nfg\ eGg] sNkgf zfob ;f/} yf]/}n] dfq u/]sf lyP xf]nfg\ . h] xf];\, d'n'snfO{ ajf{b kfg]{ e|i6frf/sf oL cleo'Qmx?nfO{ sf/jfxLsf] yfngL u/]/ clVtof/n] h'g ;sf/fTds k|of; u¥of], To;sf] ;a} If]qaf6 k|z+;f ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} o; k|of;nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ d'n'ssf ;a} OdfGbf/ JolQm tyf ;d'xx? tof/ klg 5g\ . t/ ;+u;+u} o; aLrdf s]xL ;ts{tfsf kIfx? klg cf}+NofOPsf 5g\ h;nfO{ clVtof/n] ulDe/tfk"j{s lng / o; sbdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{ d'n'snfO{ e|i6frf/d'Qm u/fpg cfGbf]ng g} 5]8\g' cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .

;ts{tfsf nflu cf}+NofOPsf kIfx?df klxnf], clxn] afO;hgfnfO{ dfq sf/jfxLsf] 3]/fdf NofP/ af"sL xhf/f}+ e|i6frf/Lx?nfO{ pDsg] af6f] t tof/ ePsf] 5}g eGg] OdfGbf/ dflg;x?sf] k|Zg 5 . lgZro g} of] cToGt dxTjk"0f{ k|Zg xf] h;n] ;dfh / d'n'sdf o:tf xhf/f}+ wld/fx? csf]{ 9+un] /lx/xnfg\ / leqleq} j/k/sf] jftfj/0fnfO{ vf]qmf] kfb}{ nUnfg\ eGg] lrGtf ;d]6]sf] 5 . tTsfn} c? e|i6frf/Lx?dflysf] sf/jfxL cl3 a9fpg cfkm";+u hgzlQmsf] cefj ePsf] s'/f clVtof/sf cflwsfl/s JolQmn] atfPsf] 5fkfdf cfPsf] lyof] .

o:tf] cj:yfdf oL afO;hgfsf] sf/jfxL lsgf/f nufp"bf;Dd c?x?n] cfkmgf] sfnf] wgnfO{ ;]tf] agfO;Sg] / n'sfO;Sg] vt/f cToGt w]/} 5 . kqmfp k/]sf jf km/f/ ePsf cleo'Qmsf kl/jf/n] cem} klg a}+saf6 gub / cGo ;DklQ lemSg] b':;fx; u/]af6 klg of] ;Defjgf k|z:t /x]sf] 5 . t/ klg clVtof/sf] o; sbdn] ;a} e|i6frf/Lx?nfO{ sfnf] wgsf] pkef]u ug{af6 eg] k'/} lg?T;flxt u/]sf] 5 h;n] ubf{ sdfPsf] ;DklQ cfkm}n] ;lhnf];+u pkef]u ug{ gkfpg] ePkl5 e|i6frf/ ug{ dl/d]6\g] k|j[lQdf To;} klg sdL cfpg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . oBlk clVtof/n] yk ;'/Iff zlQm dfu]/ eP klg sf/jfxLsf] o; cleofgnfO{ lta|tf lbg]lt/ klg ;+u;+u} ;f]Rg'kb{5 .

o;} ;Gbe{df pNn]vlgo s'/f s] 5 eg] clxn] lu/kmtf/Ldf k/]sf cleo'Qmx?nfO{ y'gfdf /fv]s} 7fp"df e]6\g ef]lnkN6} bh{gf}+ ;lrj, ;x;lrj h:tf pRr txsf / cGo ;DjlGwt sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx? k'u]sf] s'/f klg ;dfrf/df cfPsf] lyof] . t/ lu/kmtf/Ldf k/]sf] ef]lnkN6} t5f8d5f8 k/]/ e]6\g hfg'sf] cy{ pgLx?k|lt ;xfg'e"lt JoQm ug{ xf] jf pgLx?n] cfkm'n] u/]sf e|i6frf/Lx?sf] ;d]t kf]n gvf]lnof];\ eg]/ ;r]t kfg{ xf], 7Dofpg ufxf/f] kl//x]sf] 5 . t;y{ lu/kmtf/Ldf kl/;s]sfnfO{ ;d]t ljleGg zlQm / bjfjsf] cf8df 5'6fpg]5f}+ eg]/ cfZjf;g lb"b} pgLx?sf] d'v 6fNg] / ;f"Rr} g} pgLx?nfO{ d'Qm u/fpg] k|of; klg cflwsfl/s cf]xf]bfdf a:g]x?af6 g} gxf]nf eg]/ 9'Ss x'g] l:ylt 5}g . o;tkm{ klg clVtof/n] ;hu x'g cfjZos 5 .

olb o; s'/fdf cfof]u bl/nf] x'g ;s]g eg] ef]ln s'g} klg lbg s'g} klg cleo'Qm ;lhn} 5'6\g ;Sg] / km]/L lagf nfhz/d zfgzf}st b]vfP/ ;dfhdf lx+8\g ;S5 . :d/l0fo 5, nfp8f k|s/0fdf ;hfo" kfPsf zfg]jflgsf tTsfnLg cWoIf xl/eQm >]i7 cbfntn] tf]s]sf] w/f}6L /sd a'emfPkl5 h]nd'Qm x'"bf pgnfO{ >Ldltn] dfnf klx¥ofp"b} :jfut u/]sf] t:jL/ b}lgs klqsf g]kfn ;dfrf/kqdf 5flkPsf] lyof] . ;dfh / d'n'snfO{ jjf{b kf/]sf] cleof]udf h]n k/]sf] dfG5] w/f}6Ldf lg:sbf klg km'ndfnfn] :jfut ug]{ o:tf] k/Dk/f ePsf] 7fp"df clxn] clVtof/sf] sf/jfxLdf k/]sfx? klg st} ˚"ndfnf nufP/ ef]ln aflx/ lg:sg gkfpg eGg]lt/ cfof]u kSs} klg ;r]t x'g]5 .

t];|f], clVtof/n] ca gh/ k'¥ofpg'kg]{ ;d'x eg]sf /fh:j;+u ;DalGwt ;a} e|i6frf/L sd{rf/Lx?, cGo vf;vf; ;/sf/L sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx?, /fhgLlts lgo'lQmdf k/]sf JolQmx?, dGqL, /fhgLlt1 cflb x'g\ . n'lsl5kL s;n] slt e|i6frf/ u/] yfxf kfpg ;lsb}g . t/ To;/L sdfPsf] ;DklQsf] pkef]u ug]{ qmddf cfkmgf] ;kmf cfDbfgLeGbf c;fdfGo vlr{nf] hLjgz}nL latfpg] o:tf x/]s JolQmx?lt/ cfd hgtf / gful/s ;dfhn] klg rf;f] /fVg'k5{ . cfkmgf] 6f]n l5d]s, gftf;DaGw jf j/k/ To:tf JolQmx? b]Vgf;fy cfkm'n] yfxf kfPsf] k|df0f ;lxt clVtof/nfO{ hfgsf/L pknJw u/fpg] / cfjZos ;xof]u ug]{ bfloTj ;a}sf] xf] eg] k|df0f ;lxt lbOPsf tL ;"rgfx?nfO{ cfwf/sf] ?kdf l:jsf/]/ To:tf JolQmx?lj?4 yk k|df0f h'6fpg] sfd clVtof/n] ug'{kb{5 .

oltv]/ clVtof/nfO{ gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xof]usf] cToGt vf"rf] 5 . e|i6frf/Lsf] ;"rL ;+sngb]lv clVtof/ cfof]unfO{ lgikIf sf/jfxL cuf8L a9fpg cgfjZos bjfjx?af6 hf]ufpg klg gful/s ;dfhsf] ;dy{g / ;fy rflxPsf] 5 . ljutdf cfof]unfO{ e|i6frf/lj/f]wL sfd ubf{ ljleGg If]qaf6 k|ToIf k/f]If bjfj cfpg] u/]sf] / cfqmd0f ug]{ ul/Psf] ;'lgG5 . t;y{ clxn] clVtof/sf] sf/jfxLnfO{ :ofjf;L lbg] sfd;Dd l;ldt b]lvPsf] gful/s ;dfhn] ca cfkmgf] ;dy{gsf] tl/sfnfO{ cln Jofks kfg'{kfb{5 . To;sf nflu e|i6frf/ / e|i6frf/k|lt ;fdflhs jlxisf/sf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{] sfddf gful/s ;dfhn] cleofg g} z'? ug'{k5{ .

o; ;DaGwdf clxn] b]lvPsf] csf]{ ;d:of sf/jfxL lgjf/0fsf nflu GofoLs k|s[of klg xf] . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f;DaGwL P]g, @)%( n] e|i6frf/;DaGwL o:tf d'4fx? ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] ljz]if cbfntn] x]g'{kg]{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] tTsfn o:tf] ljz]if cbfnt u7g gu/]df clVtof/nfO{ clxn]sf] sf/jfxL cuf8L a9fpg ufxf/f] kg]{ b]lvG5 . t;y{ Gofo kl/ifb\n] l56f] ljz]if cbfnt u7g u/]/ oL cleo'Qmx?nfO{ sf/jfxL u/fpg] k|s[ofnfO{ ;lhnf] kfl/lbg'kb{5 .

clxn] kqmfp k/]sf cleo'Qmx?sf kl/jf/hgn] o;aLrdf kqsf/x?;+u s]xL /f]rs l6Kk0fLx? u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf] sf/jfxL lsg xfd|f] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?nfO{ dfq ul/of], a? Toxf"eGbf dflyNnf] txsf / 7'nf e|i6frf/LnfO{ klg sf/jfxL ul/g'kg]{ xf] eGg] s]xL cleo'Qmx?sf cfkmGtx?sf] egfO{ kqklqsfx?df 5flkPsf] lyof] . o;sf] cy{ xfdL;+u ePsf] ;DklQ ;]tf] wg xf] eGg] bfjL ug{ ;Sg] g}lts cfwf/ pgLx?dWo] s;};+u klg 5}g, vfln sf/jfxLsf] 3]/fdf c?nfO{ klg Nofpg'k5{ eGg] pgLx?sf] dt /x]sf] 5 . t/ o;f] eGg]x?n] cfkmgf] kl/jf/sf] y'gfdf /x]sf] cleo'QmnfO{ p;+u ldnf]dtf] ug]{ cGo e|i6frf/Lx?sf] klg ;a} kf]n cfof]u;dIf atfOlbg] s'/fdf ;xdt agfpg ;s] eg] kSs} klg c?nfO{ sf/jfxL ug{ emg\ ;lhnf] kg]{5 . o;/L pgLx?n] klg c? e|i6frf/Lx? klqmg d4t ug{ ;S5g\ .

To; qmddf Pshgf cleo'Qmsf gfd v'nfpg grfxg] cfkmGtn] kqsf/x?;+u æPshgfnfO{ sf/jfxL ug]{ gfddf kl/jf/sf ;a}nfO{ b'v k'¥ofOPsf]dfÆ c;Gt'i6L klg JoQm u/]sf lyP . t/ pgsf] of] c;Gt'i6L k6Ss} hfoh xf]Og lsgsL cleo'Qmn] e|i6frf/sf] /sdn] vl/b u/]sf] ;'v;DklQ / ljnfl;tfsf] pkef]u p;n] PSn} u/]sf] lyPg, To;df 3/sf ;a} ;b:ox? k|ToIf ;xefuL lyP . cfkmgf] 3/sf] dflg;n] slt sdfp"5, s;/L sdfp"5 / vr{ ul/g] /sd sxf"af6 cfp"5 eGg] s'/fdf kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox?n] rf;f] g/fVg] / yfxf gkfpg] eGg] k|Zg g} cfp"b}g . t;y{ ;'v;'ljwf ef]u ug]{ a]nfdf e|i6frf/sf] /sd xf] eGg] yfxf kfp"bfkfp"b} klg pkef]u ug]{ t/ sf/jfxL x'g] a]nfdf bfloTjaf6 kl/jf/n] pGd'lQm kfpg] s'/f cfp"b}g . a? ca cfOGbf x/]s 3/kl/jf/df lelqg] /sd j}w jf cj}w s] xf] eGg] s'/fdf kl/jf/hgn] rf;f] b]vfP/ cj}w /sd jf ;xof]unfO{ /f]Sg]lt/ k|of; ug'{kb{5 . cGoyf a];/L zfgzf}st b]vfP/ lx+8\g] kl/jf/ s'g} klg a]nf ;8sdf emg'{kg]{ cj:yf klg cfpg ;S5 .