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cf/f]ksf ;DaGwdf :ki6 kfg'{ klg kf/blz{tf xf]
c~h' If]qL
uPsf] xKtf d+l;/ @# ut] o;} b}lgsdf Pp6f nfdf] ;dfrf/
5flkPsf] lyof] . ;dfrf/ ljut kGw| jif{b]lv dfgjclwsf/sf] If]qdf ;lqmo /x]/
sfd ul//x]sf] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf OG;]ssf] ljifodf lyof] . ;dfrf/sf] lzif{s lyof]
gf} sd{rf/L4f/f dxf;lrjsf] lj/f]wdf /fhLgfdf . ;dfrf/df OG;]ssf sd{rf/Lx?n]
/fhLgfdf lbg'sf] sf/0fsf cltl/Qm OG;]s ;+:yfsf xtf{stf{ Kofs'/]n kl/jf/sf
;b:ox?af6 ePsf tyf eO/x]sf cGo ljleGg clgoldttfx?sf] ljifosf s'/fx? klg
5flkPsf lyP . t/ ljrf/0fLo s'/f s] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] ;dfrf/ cfPsf] Ps xKtf;Dd
klg pQm ;dfrf/sf] af/]df ;+:yf OG;]s tyf o;sf xtf{stf{ Kofs'/]n kl/jf/af6
s'g} klg v08g cfPsf] 5}g . o;n] b'O6f s'/fsf] ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 . Pp6f t ;~rf/dfWoddf
cfPsf o; vfnsf cf/f]k k|Tof/f]kdf cfd gful/sx?n] ljZjf; ub{}gg / rf;f] klg /fVb}gg
. bf];|f], o:tf ljifodf v08g u/]/ s'/f cufl8 a9fPsf] v08df ;+:yfaf6 ePsf
clgoldttf tyf e|i6frf/;"u hf]l8P/ cGo w]/} s'/fx? aflx/ cfpg hfG5 eGg] ;f]r]/
OG;]s / Kofs'/]n kl/jf/ r'krfk eP/ a;]sf] x'gk5{ . oxf" oL b'O{ ;DefjgfnfO{
lsg klg b]vfpg vf]lhPsf] xf] eg] s] o:tf ;Gbe{ / ljifox?nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]
ljifo cGt/ut /fv]/ 5n˚n ug'{kg]{ x'"b}g < ;fy} OG;]ssf lgisfl;t sd{rf/Lx?n]
o;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs¿kdf ;~rf/dfWoddf Nofpg lsg h?/L 7fg] < o:tf ljifox? ;fj{hlgs
x'"bf x'g] ˚fObf a]˚fObfx? s:tf x'g ;S5g\ < o; n]vdf o;} ;]/f]˚]/f]df s]xL
s'/fx? pKsfpg h?/L b]v]sL 5' .
ljifosf] z'?jft\ ;a{k|yd ;dfrf/df cfPsf] Pp6f lgGbgLo cf/f]kaf6
ug{ h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 . OG;]s ;+:yfsf e'tk"j{s dxf;lrj, xfn OG;]ssf ;Nnfxsf/
tyf g]kfn dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf ;b:o ;'zLn Kofs'/]nn] cf˚\gf] 3/df s]xL cgfy
afnaflnsf /fv]/ pQm afnaflnsfsf] vr{nfO{ b]vfO{ cf˚\gf] 3/sf] 3/fo;L vr{
k'/f ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ eGg] h:tf] nHhf:kb cf/f]k ;|f]tn] nufPsf] 5 . o:tf]
nHhf:kb cf/f]k pgLdfly lsg nufOof] t < o:tf] cf/f]k nufpg]x?n] o;sf] ;TotfnfO{
k'li6 ug{ ;S5g\ t < eGg] h:tf k|Zgx? Ps 7fp"df 5g\ eg] o:tf cf/f]kx?
k"jf{u|xsf sf/0f nufOG5g\ jf ;]jfsf gfddf jf:tjdf o:tf clgoldttf x'g] u/]sf
5g\ < ;dfhdf /x]sf ;a} vfnsf lj;+ultx? x6\g'k5{, ;a}n] ;fdflhs Gofo
kfpg'k5{, s;}sf] dfgjclwsf/sf] xgg x'g'x'"b}g, ;a} If]q / ljifodf kf/blz{tf
x'g'k5{ eGg] cfhsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] gf/f rnfpg] ;+:yfdf /x]sf JolQmTjdfly g}
o:tf] nHhf:kb / lgGbgLo cf/f]k nfUbf o; cf/f]ksf] ;Totf cfd gful/s tyf gful/s
;dfhdf /x]sfx?n] cjZo klg hfGg rfxG5g\ . o; rfxgfnfO{ ;DalGwt ;+:yfn] k'/f
ug'{kb{5 . To;}n] ;j{k|yd o; s'/fsf] oyfy{tfsf] v'nf;f ;fj{hlgs¿kdf x'g h?/L
b]lvPsf] 5 .
clxn] d'n'sdf x'g] u/]sf 7'nf7'nf clgoldttf / e|i6frf/sf] ;Gbe{df
o:tf ;fgfdl;gf s'/fn] s] cy{ /fV5 / eGg] ;f]r klg cfpg ;S5 . t/ o:tf ;fgfdl;gf
ljifosf 5n˚n / ax;af6 klg 7'nf 7'nf ;d:ofx?sf] lgsf; kfpg ;lsG5 . clxn]
d'n'sdf x/]s If]q b/af/, /fhgLlt, /fhgLlts g]tf, ;/sf/L gLlt, ;/sf/L k|zf;g,
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf ;lqmotf, ;dfh;]jf, ;~rf/ ;a} If]q g}
cfnf]Ro cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ . ;a} If]qdf ljZjf;sf] v8]/L k/]sf] 5 / logdf ;'wf/
x'g'k5{ eGg] ;a}sf] rfxgf /x]sf] 5 . oL ;a} If]qdf k"0f{¿kdf geP klg s]xL g
s]xL ;'wf/ cjZo x'G5 eGg] ;sf/fTds ;f]r /fv]/ g} ;a} If]q cf–cf˚\gf] ultdf
rln/x]sf 5g\ . cf–cf˚\gf If]qsf /fd|f / v/fa s'/fsf] ljifodf :ki6Ls/0f lbb},
;'wf/ ug]{ 7fp"df ;'wf/ ub}{ ;a} If]q rln/x]sf] 5 . o; 36gfnfO{ klg o;}
k|lqmofleq /fv]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 .
cfh /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o b'a} If]qdf dfgjclwsf/sf] lglDt
sfd ug]{ ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf OG;]ssf] h'g :yfg /x]sf] 5, To;sf k5fl8 ;+:yfdf ljut
/ jt{dfgdf sfd ul//x]sf k|lta4 sd{rf/L tyf ;r]tsx?sf] 7'nf] xft /x]sf] 5 .
o; s'/fsf] ;TotfnfO{ OG;]ssf] jt{dfg g]t[Tjn] klg kSs} OGsf/ ug{ ;Qm}g lsgls
Jofkfl/s d"gf˚fsf nflu geP/ ;fdflhs lj;+ultnfO{ ;dfhaf6 lgd"n kfg{ tyf
g]kfnL gful/sx?sf] dfgjclwsf/sf ;jfndf k}/jL ug{ v'n]sf OG;]s h:tf u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx?sf] zlSt eg]sf] ;fwg;DkGg ejg jf ef}lts cfwf/ geP/ To;df cfj4 /x]sf
hgzlSt, ;+:yfsf] kf/bzL{ ;+/rgf / Jojxf/df x'G5 / x'g'kg]{ klg xf] . t/ clxn]
OG;]ssf k"/fgf OdfGbf/ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;fd'lxs /flhgfdfn] s] o:tf s'/fdf OG;]s
h:tf ;+:yfx? r's]sf x'g\ t eGg] k|Zg hGdfOlbPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;jfndf sfd
u5f}{ eg]/ v'n]sf] ;fdflhs ;+:yf Jofkfl/s ;+:yfx? h:t} JolQmut / kfl/jfl/s
Psflwsf/df s]lGb|t ub}{ n}hfg] dg;foaf6 cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5, jt{dfg sd{rf/Lx?sf]
lg:sf;gdf oxL ;f]r / k|j[lQ xflj/x]sf] 5 eg]/ OG;]saf6 lxhf] / xfn} dfq
aflxl/Psf ;b:ox?sf] cf/f]k /x]sf] 5 . o; ;+:yfleq cfkm} o:tf kIfdf ;'wf/
x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf klg IfL0f 5 . To;}n] OG;]saf6 ljutdf aflxl/Psf] hgzlStn]
df}g /xg plrt 7fGof] eg] clxn] /flhgfdf lbPsfx?n] ;+:yfleq /x]sf unt
k|j[lQx?nfO{ df}g /x]/ 5fl8lbof] eg] u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?df /x]sf] clgoldttfsf]
ljifodf ;fj{hlgs ax; / 5n˚n x'g kfpg] 5}g eg]/ o; s'/fnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf]
xf] eGg] ts{ lbPsf 5g\ .
clxn] g]kfndf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ;+Vof sl/j #) xhf/sf] xf/fxf/Ldf
5 eGg] cg'dfg ul/G5 . t/ :yflkt / lg/Gt/¿kdf sfd ug]{ ;+:yfx?sf] lglZrt ;+Vof
olt g} 5 eg]/ tf]s]/ eGg ;Sg] cj:yfdf ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L s'g} klg lgsfo
5}g . ;'zLn Kofs'/]nsf] 3/df /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} cnUu} ;+:yfn] cf>o
lbPsf] klg xf]Og . OG;]sleqaf6 g} cj}w¿kdf rn]sf] u[xdf tL afnaflnsx? /flvPsf
5g\ / To; u[xdf OG;]saf6 g} vr{ k7fOg] u/]sf] 5 eg]/ OG;]ssf] k|;fzgdf sfd
ul/;s]sf JolQmx? eGg] u5{g\ . OG;]ssf] clxn]sf] ljjfb To; ;+:yfsf] dfq
k|j[lQ xf]Og, of] t w]/} u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?leq ljBdfg ;a}eGbf 7'nf] /f]u xf]
. To;sf] pkrf/ s'g} sfg'gL k|lqmofaf6 x'g ;Dej 5}g . clxn] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?leqsf]
kf/blz{tf / lgoldttfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ s'g} b¥xf] lgod tyf sfg'g ag]sf] 5}g
. ;dfhdf /x]sf ljleGg vfnsf lj;+ultx?sf lj?4df sfo{/t u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?leq
g} /x]sf clgoldttf / sdLsdhf]/Lsf] ;DaGwdf ax; ug{ sf]xL klg rfx"b}gg\ .
o;sf] sf/0f u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?af6 ePsf / x'g] u/]sf clgoldttfsf] lz/ sxf" 5 /
k'R5/ sxf" 5 eg]/ kQ} nufpg ufXf] 5 . lsgls /fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?leq x'g]
clgoldttfsf] ;f]emf] ;DaGw cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? / tLgsf ckf/blz{
tyf cg'Q/bfoL k|j[lQx?;"u hf]l8Psf] x'G5 h;leq k:g / vf]hL ug{ hf] sf]xLnfO{
;lhnf] 5}g . o;}n] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?leq x'g] /fd|f g/fd|F ;a} s'/fx? ;+:yf
rnfpg] ;d"x / g]t[Tjsf] lgot tyf OdfGbfl/tfdf lge{/ /x]sf] x'G5 .
u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] csf]{ ljz]iftf eg]sf] of] If]q cfly{s
?kdf cf˚} klg c;'/lIft 5 lsgsL of] csf{n] lbPsf] ;xof]udf k"0f{ lge{/
/xg'kb{5 . of] afWotf cfkmgf] 7fp"df eP klg of] If]q kf/bzL{ / dof{lbt aGg
;s] w]/} /fd|f] x'g] lyof] . o; If]qdf sfdsf rl/qx? klg ˚/s ˚/s 5g\ . To;}n]
o; If]qdf ;w}el/ k};f glnOsg k"0f{¿kdf :jo+d;]jL eP/ sfd x'g'k5{ eGg] dfGotf
klg hfoh x'"b}g . lsgls o; If]qdf Jofj;flos bIftf ePsf dflg;x? klg sfd ul//x]sf
5g\ . pgLx? c?lt/ klg hflu/ gvfg] / sfd u/]sf] ;fdflhs ;+:yfaf6 klg lgz'Ns
sfd ug]{ eGg] s'/f t Jojxfls/ x'"b} xf]Og . t/ s'/f slt dfq xf] eg] h'g;'s}
If]q / ;jfnnfO{ lnP/ sfd ul//x]sf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] klg ;j{k|yd t ;+:yfsf]
cfGtl/s ;fwg;|f]t sxf"af6 / s;/L cfO/x]sf] 5, sxf" / s;/L vr{ eO/x]sf] 5 eGg]
kIfx?df cfGtl/s kf/blz{tf sfod /fVg' klxnf] k|fyldstfdf x'g'k5{ . t/ OG;]ssf]
dxf;lrjn] cfly{s jif{ @)%*÷%( df ;+:yfn] (# nfv 3f6f a]xf]/]sf] 3f]if0ff ug'{
Toxf"sf lgisfl;t sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu kx]nL ag]sf] 5 . ;+:yfsf] sfo{k|0ffnLdf
;a} txsf rfx] sd{rf/L x'g jf ;b:ox?;"u ;/;Nnfx ub}{ cufl8 a9]df ;fdflhs kl/jt{g
/ dfgjclwsf/sf nflu sfd ul//x]sf s'g} klg ;+:yfn] ;fj{hlgs¿kdf OG;]sn] h;/L
nlHht x'gkb}{g . cGtdf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] 5lj hlt;'s} g/fd|f] /x]sf] eP
tfklg o; If]qn] u/]sf] ;sf/fTds sfdnfO{ lt/:sf/ ug{ klg ;lsb}g . t/
cfkm"dfly nfu]sf o:tf ulDe/ cf/f]kx?nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ?kdf :ki6 ug'{ ;a} u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx?sf] d'Vo bfloTj xf] / of] klg kf/blz{tfsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;"rs xf] .
t/ clxn]sf] 36gfdf OG;]s h:tf] ;+:yf o; If0f;Dd r'ls/x]sf] 5 . cfzf u/f}+,
ca l56} o;n] cfkm"dflysf] cf/f]ksf af/]df s]xL af]Nnf ls <
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